Confesiones de un sicario económico — John Perkins y las trampas de deuda al Tercer Mundo

Introduction

Imagine a man walking into an impoverished country with a briefcase full of promises. He offers megaprojects: dams, highways, power plants. He tells the president that the World Bank and the IMF are delighted to lend the money. He seals the deal with fraudulent financial reports that inflate the benefits and hide the risks. When the debt becomes unpayable — and it always does — the same man, or someone like him, returns. But this time he doesn’t come bearing promises. He comes with conditions: privatize the resources, hand over the oil, vote the way Washington wants at the UN, cede territory for military bases.

That man exists. He’s called an economic hit man. And for years, one of them — John Perkins — was exactly that, until he decided to tell everything.

Who is John Perkins?

John Perkins was born on January 28, 1945, in Hanover, New Hampshire. He studied Business Administration at Boston University and, like many idealistic young people of his generation, joined the Peace Corps, a U.S. government program that sent volunteers to developing countries.

Between 1968 and 1970, Perkins lived in Ecuador. There he worked side by side with local communities and developed a deep attachment to Latin America. But he also witnessed something that would mark him forever: how international “experts,” consultants, and technicians arrived to impose projects that rarely benefited the local people. That experience planted the seed for everything that followed.

Upon returning to the United States, Perkins was recruited by an elite firm: Chas. T. Main, a Boston-based engineering consultancy. But what he didn’t know — or would discover over time — is that the company was not quite what it seemed. The National Security Agency (NSA) and other intelligence agencies used the firm as a front to place their “economic hit men” around the world.

“Economic hit men are highly paid professionals who cheat countries around the globe out of trillions of dollars. Their tools of the trade include fraudulent financial reports, election manipulation, bribes, extortion, sex, and murder.”

— John Perkins, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

What is an economic hit man?

The term “economic hit man” (EHM) is the cornerstone of Perkins’s testimony. It is not a metaphor: it defines a real profession with concrete methods and devastating consequences.

The modus operandi always follows the same sequence:

1. The debt trap

An economic hit man arrives in a developing country. He meets with its leaders and presents them with a dream: a hydroelectric dam that would bring electricity to the entire country, a network of highways connecting remote cities, a telecommunications system that would modernize the nation.

The figures are staggering: hundreds of billions of dollars. The World Bank, the IMF, or USAID are “delighted” to finance it. The reports prepared by the hit man’s consulting firm show impossible returns on investment, ignore environmental impacts, and conceal the real maintenance costs.

2. The money goes back home

Here is the key to the system: the loan is granted, but most of the money never actually reaches the country. It is paid to American (or other developed-country) companies that build the infrastructure, design the projects, and supply the materials. The contractors, the engineering firms, and the suppliers are mostly U.S. corporations.

The borrowing country gets the debt, but not the money. It gets the infrastructure, yes — but at inflated prices and with predatory terms.

3. The bite of the apple

When the debt becomes unpayable — and it always becomes unpayable — the U.S. government takes “a bite of the apple.” This isn’t figurative in the sense of a small nibble; it is a full-blown demand:

Access to natural resources: oil, gas, strategic minerals.
Military cooperation: bases, troops, logistical support.
Political alignment: favorable votes at the UN, compliance in international forums.
Privatizations: state-owned enterprises sold at rock-bottom prices to American corporations.

The country becomes an economic protectorate. Formally sovereign, actually controlled.

4. When the trap fails, the jackals step in

Perkins describes a second tier for when the economic hit man fails: the “jackals.” If a leader refuses the terms — as happened with Jaime Roldós (president of Ecuador, killed in a suspicious plane crash in 1981) — the jackals take over. Their tools include coups d’état, sabotage, selective assassinations, and military invasions.

If even that does not work, there is the final recourse: direct invasion by the U.S. military, as happened in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Panama.

The corporatocracy: the real power behind governments

One of Perkins’s central concepts is the corporatocracy: the network of multinational corporations, investment banks, and government agencies that, according to him, rule the world de facto.

“The corporatocracy is the alliance of the most powerful corporations with governments to maximize their profits at the expense of the majority of the population.”

Perkins is not talking about a secret conspiracy with trench coats and underground tunnels. He is talking about a perfectly visible system operating in broad daylight, but which most people prefer not to see:

The same people rotate between high-level government positions and corporate boardrooms (the famous revolving door).
Credit rating agencies dictate countries’ economic policies.
The World Bank and the IMF impose conditions (structural adjustment programs) that benefit corporations at the expense of populations.
The media, owned by the same corporations, manufacture consent.

For Perkins, the corporatocracy is the system. Democracy, as we know it, is the facade.

What does John Perkins say about the real case of Ecuador?

Perkins’s testimony carries special weight when it comes to Ecuador, the country he first knew as a Peace Corps volunteer and later returned to as an economic hit man.

According to Perkins, President Jaime Roldós Aguilera (1979–1981) was assassinated by the CIA when his plane crashed into a hill. Roldós had defied the United States by refusing to accept debt conditions and by aligning with other Latin American countries to defend their natural resources. His death was ruled an “accident,” but Perkins maintains it was a murder orchestrated by the corporatocracy.

He has also stated that the subsequent president Rafael Correa (2007–2017) was in constant danger because of his sovereignist policies. Perkins mentions other suspicious accidents, such as the helicopter crash that killed Defense Minister Guadalupe Larriva in 2008, and the crash of the Ecuadorian presidential plane in 2009 (when Correa was not on board).

These claims have been controversial and denied by the U.S. government, but they form part of the first-hand account that Perkins presents in his book.

The Perkins method around the world

The cases described by Perkins are not limited to Ecuador. His book documents similar scenarios in:

Indonesia: One of the most paradigmatic examples, with World Bank–funded infrastructure megaprojects that indebted the country for decades.
Saudi Arabia: Managing debt and influence to secure oil supplies.
Panama: Canal construction and geopolitical tensions.
Iran: The Bushehr nuclear power plant and other projects that served to maintain control over the country.
Colombia and Venezuela: Debt strategies and control of energy resources.

Perkins estimates that during his career, he helped transfer trillions of dollars from developing countries to the coffers of U.S. corporations.

Connection to the series: from Jouvenel to Perkins

This article connects directly with the previous installments of the Geopolítica del Control series:

Bertrand de Jouvenel showed us that power expands by its very nature. Perkins’s corporatocracy is the purest manifestation of that expansion: a power that stops at no border, that constantly seeks new territories to control and new sources of wealth to exploit.
David Graeber demonstrated that debt predates money and has always been a tool of social control. Perkins shows us the concrete mechanism of that control: an economic hit man who knows exactly how to manufacture a debt trap.
Maurizio Lazzarato described the indebted man as the subjectivity of neoliberalism. Perkins shows us who is on the other side of that debt, who manufactures it, and for what purpose.

Perkins is, in a way, the missing piece: the testimony from inside the system. He is not a theorist like Jouvenel, nor an anthropologist like Graeber, nor a philosopher like Lazzarato. He is the man who did it and then told the story. His value is that of the direct witness: someone who sat in the meetings, wrote the fraudulent reports, and watched as leaders were pressured.

Criticism and controversy

Not everyone accepts Perkins’s account as truthful. It is only fair to note the main criticisms:

Sebastian Mallaby, an economics columnist for the Washington Post, described Perkins’s book as “a vanity-peddler’s nonsense” and argued that its basic claims are flawed.
The U.S. State Department issued a statement denying NSA involvement in hiring economic hit men, noting that the NSA “is a cryptologic organization, not an economic organization.”
Some have pointed to the lack of documentary evidence to corroborate Perkins’s most serious claims, such as the assassination of political leaders.

However, there are also those who defend Perkins:

His editor, Steven Piersanti (Berrett-Koehler), published a memorandum in 2005 defending the veracity of his claims and noting that a dozen journalists and researchers had corroborated parts of his story in the follow-up book The Secret History of the American Empire (published as A Game as Old as Empire in some editions).
Several documentaries — including Zeitgeist: Addendum and The Weight of Chains — have spread his testimony widely.
The book was a New York Times bestseller for seven weeks, indicating that thousands of readers found his account credible.

Regardless of the literal veracity of every detail, the value of Perkins’s testimony as an indictment of a system — debt as a tool of global domination — is undeniable.

Frequently Asked Questions

❓ What is an economic hit man according to John Perkins?
A highly paid professional who uses fraudulent financial reports, election manipulation, bribes, and extortion to indebt developing countries and bring them under the control of American corporations.

❓ Where did John Perkins work?
He worked for Chas. T. Main, an engineering consulting firm in Boston, which he says operated as a front for U.S. intelligence agencies.

❓ How much money did the economic hit men move?
Perkins estimates that during his career he helped transfer trillions of dollars from developing countries to U.S. corporations.

❓ Is it true that John Perkins was recruited by the NSA?
Perkins claims he was recruited by the NSA through Chas. T. Main. The NSA denies it. There is no conclusive documentary evidence either way.

❓ What is the difference between an economic hit man and the jackals?
The economic hit man operates with “soft” methods (loans, false reports, bribes). The jackals step in when the hit man fails, using assassinations, coups, or invasions.

❓ What does “corporatocracy” mean?
It means rule by corporations: the alliance between large multinational companies, banks, and government to maximize profits at the expense of the majority of the population.

❓ What happened in Ecuador according to Perkins?
According to his testimony, President Jaime Roldós was assassinated by the CIA after refusing to accept debt conditions. His plane crashed in 1981 under what Perkins calls suspicious circumstances.

Conclusion

John Perkins is not a theorist. He did not develop a philosophy of power like Jouvenel, an anthropological theory of debt like Graeber, or a biopolitical analysis like Lazzarato. Perkins is something else: he is the insider witness.

His testimony shows us that debt is not an accident, nor an inevitable consequence of poverty, nor a neutral instrument of development. Debt is a designed weapon, manufactured and deployed by professionals who know exactly what they are doing. And when that weapon fails, there are others: the jackals, the coups, the invasions.

Perkins’s corporatocracy is the power Jouvenel wrote about in its most evolved form: power without a center, without a face, without accountability. A power that expands by its very nature, that creates debt as a tool of control, that manufactures indebted men and women.

Perkins’s testimony invites us to ask: who is indebting whom, and for what purpose?

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🖼️ Featured Image Prompt

Prompt: A documentary-style photo in dark tones. A suited man (John Perkins) sits in an empty boardroom with a long wooden table. On the table lies an open briefcase full of dollars and a document with official stamps. In the background, barely visible, shadows of corporate figures and flags. Chiaroscuro lighting, cinematic style, 1200×630 pixels.

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John Perkins in an empty boardroom with a briefcase of money and documents on the table. Depiction of the economic hit man and the corporatocracy.